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The problems involved in the choice of priming paint for galvanized steel are discussed in this article and explained on a chemical basis. Case histories are given of the successful use of metallic lead primer together with photographs which show the result of cross hatch tests on a variety of primers.

The title of this article may well have read ‘Metallic Lead Pigment as the Basis of Anti‐corrosive Paints,’ since such paints are proved to impart excellent protection to the steel surface. However, a satisfactory priming paint must possess in addition to corrosion‐inhibitive characteristics a considerable number of other properties in order that they may be commercially acceptable and in this article it is intended to consider the choice of a priming paint on this wider basis.

Introduction Acceptance of the fact that corrosion protection has developed into a special branch of science and technology is now universal and represents the success of a movement barely 20 years old.

Blundell, Spence Appointments. Five appointments have been made to the board of Blundell, Spence Ltd. They are F. R. EDEN, W. H. HULME, C. C. MELL, A. L. SMITH and K. T. SAXTON. Mr. Saxton will be located at Slough and will have overall responsibility for the Industrial Division.

Dr. Hoar on Lecture Visit. DR. T. P. Hoar, Department of Metallurgy, Cambridge University, will make a British Council‐sponsored visit from August 19 to September 22 to lecture on the corrosion of metals, at the University of Chile's Post‐graduate Engineering Winter School in Santiago. During his stay as guest of the university, Dr. Hoar will also make advisory visits to industrial plants and laboratories. Before then he will be on a private visit to the U.S.A.

Leonard Hill to Visit Kenya. W. LEONARD HILL, chairman of Leonard Hill Ltd., publishers of Corrosion Technology, will be visiting Kenya in January and February. He will arrive in Nairobi on January 14 and will stay for four to six weeks. It is his intention to study agricultural and industrial affairs in Kenya and he will be pleased to meet readers in Kenya.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the difficulties and overload/burden experienced by family caregivers of older dependent people during the COVID-19 outbreak.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. This work was guided according to the Guideline strengthenin the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (EQUATOR checklist). The study included 65 family caregivers of older people with physical or mental dependence. Caregivers were selected by convenience sampling through a national association of informal caregivers. Participants responded to an online questionnaire, which aimed to assess difficulties and burdens experienced during the pandemic. Ethical principles were followed throughout the research.

The participants were mostly women, with an average age of 53 years, teleworking and cohabiting with the dependent elderly. Most caregivers reported that the pandemic has led to an increase in daily difficulties and associated burden. There was a statistically significant increase in hours devoted to care during the pandemic. Also, caregivers reported less time to take care of themselves and greater fatigue during this period.

This study had some limitations. For example, the small sample size. The sample was collected through an online version, and many caregivers did not have the digital skills needed to complete the questionnaires, and most of them were busy (divided between teleworking and household responsibilities). Another limitation was related to the perceived priority of caregivers because the majority of them considered this was a time-consuming study and saw no immediate benefits. Furthermore, they considered that this study has taken their time to manage all the provision of care to the elder relative and other activities related to their children who were also in quarantine. Finally, to date, there is no sufficient evidence to compare our results with other national and international studies. Further research is needed to allow the scalability of results and to apply the best available knowledge to mitigate the known and potential effects of this pandemic.

This study highlighted that frontline caregivers suffered a negative impact on their physical and mental health, in addition to a significant economic burden during the pandemic outbreak. More research in this field is needed to plan, train and manage large-scale public health emergencies.

The COVID-19 pandemic imposed physical distancing, which profoundly affected the physical and mental health of community-dwelling older people and their family caregivers. Because of the confinement and closure of some social support institutions, family caregivers found themselves in a complex situation, having to reconcile care and teleworking. Therefore, it is important to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the difficulties and burden of these caregivers to implement and develop social and health support measures.

This paper addresses an increasingly important issue – the burden and difficulties of family caregivers, in the light of a new reality – the Covid-19 pandemic, which has brought new difficulties for this population.

In this chapter, we discuss the Change Laboratory as an intervention-research methodology in higher education. We trace its theoretical origins in dialectical materialism and activity theory, consider the recommendations made by its main proponents and discuss its use in a range of higher education settings. We suggest that the Change Laboratory offers considerable potential for higher education research, though tensions between Change Laboratory design recommendations and typical higher education contexts require consideration.

In reference to the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts by the various local authorities in England and Wales during the year 1908 the following remarks appear in the recently issued report of the Local Government Board for that year. “Our attention has been drawn to the practice which has been adopted recently by certain local authorities of inviting applicants for the office of public analyst to state the terms upon which they are prepared to accept the appointment. We consider the offering of such appointment ‘on tender’ as open to strong objection, and we trust that the practice will be discontinued.”

The purpose of this paper is to present findings from two studies exploring the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale’s (HoNOS) utility within a new payment by results (PbR) system for mental health services in England.

In the first study principal axis factoring extraction was used to explore a sample of 23,641 HoNOS ratings. In a second study confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate four subscale structures on a new sample of 34,716 HoNOS ratings.

No HoNOS factor structure evaluated in this study demonstrated adequate fit statistics across several clinical presentations. A new four-factor model was the only structure to achieve fit statistics across all clinical populations, but can only be championed on a “best fit” basis as opposed to “good fit” at the present time.

Data used in the current studies relate to six NHS mental health service providers. Replication using a national sample is recommended. Exploration of different HoNOS factor structures for different mental health clusters within the PbR system in England is also recommended. However, it is also possible that removing redundant or adding new items may result in a more stable HoNOS generic factor structure.

This is the first HoNOS evaluation as a generic outcome measure for use within a PbR system and provides important insights into its mental health utility and limitations. The findings have significant implications for those developing the national PbR quality and outcomes framework for England’s mental health services. However, there are also implications for all nations in which HoNOS is used to report mental health outcomes.